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competition, threats of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers
only Russel uses 3 tiered system
measures total company value aka cost to acquire the firm; potential
problem is that a firm's debt information might not be available= market
value of common and preferred stock + market value of debt - cash and
short term investments
shows the cost per unit relative to output
Dividend Discount Model - stock's value is estimated as the PV of cash
distributed to shareholdersFree Cash Flow to Equity Model - PV of cash
available to shareholders after the firm meet its necessary capital
expenditures and working capital expenses
most common denominator for EV, favored to net income because its
usually positive. However, it includes non-cash revenues and expenses
rapid growth, little competition, falling prices, increasing profitability
an increase in the dividend payout ratio will reduce the firm's sustainable growth rate
reflects the firm's capacity to pay dividends, cash remaining after a
firm meets all of its debt obligations provides for the capital
expenditures necessary to maintain existing assets and to purchase the
new assets needed to support the growth of the firm= net income +
depreciation - increase in working capital - fixed capital investment -
debt principal repayments + new debt issues = CF from operations - FCInv
+ net borrowing
2 stage - most appropriate for a firm with high current growth that
will drop to a stable rate3 stage - most appropriate for a firm still in
a high growth stage
IV of stock is estimated as total asset value minus liabilities and preferred stock
= expected dividend payout ratio / (k-g) where expected dividend payout ratio is D1/E1
equity value is the market value of assets minus the market/fair value of liabilitiesmostly used for private companies
slow growth, high prices, large investment, high risk of failure
are those that least affected by the stage of the business cycle and include utilities, consumer staples and basic services
industry growth, profitability, risk associated with macroenomic,
technological, demographic, governmental and social influences
cumulative output and cost per unit
(dividend to be received/(1+return)) + (year end price/(1+return))
assumes the annual growth rate of dividends, g, is constant= D in one year / (k-g)
have demand so strong they are largely unaffected by the stage of the business cycle
Embryonic, growth, shakeout, mature, decline
1. Ratio of stock price to fundamentals e.g. earning, book etc.2.
Ratio of enterprise value to something elseEV = market value of all a
firm's outstanding securities minus cash and short term investments
slow growth, consolidation, high barriers to entry, stable pricing, superior firms gain market share
dividend / required return
= (1-dividend payout ratio) ROE = retention rate ROE
negative growth, declining prices, consolidation
slowing growth, intense competition, industry overcapacity, declining profitability, cost cutting, increased failures
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