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Market price / Book value per share.
Amount owed to investors in servicing the debtEx: Interest payments.
GDR is issued outside of US and outside of its own home country.ADR is a US security that is traded on a U.S. exchange.
Net Income / Average BVEBVE = Book value of equityorNet Income / BVEBVE = Book value at the beginning of the year.
Uncertainity of its expected total returnCalculating standard deviation of expected return.
Minimum rate of return the company must earn, on its investments to satisfy all providers of capital.
Debt is a liabilityEquity is not.
Combination of common shares and debt.Has higher dividends than common
shares but not contractually obligated.No voting rights.
Company can buy back shares from investors at a pre-determined price.
This is to reduce the dividend payments to preserve cash.
1. Illiquid2. Financial statements are difficult to obtain.3.
R = (Sale price - Purchase Price + Dividends ) / Purchase Price
1. To prevent money coming in and going out frequently.
(Volatality).2. To make sure that domestic people can particiate
easily.3. To prevent giving control to foreign investors.
Allows a company to be traded on a foreign exchange.Sponsored DR ->
Investors have rights as a equity investorUnsponsored DR-> Investors
buys from institutions and the institutions retains the rights.
Investors can sell the shares to the company at a pre-determined price.
Because, the shares can be called at a set price even if the market price or future potential is very high.
Takes place during annual meeting.Shareholders can vote via proxy.
Allows investors to convert their preferred shares to common
shares.Allows investors to profit from the price of common shares.
Represents ownership interests.Has voting rights.Companies may pay cash dividends but not obligated to.
Statutory voting -> One vote per share for each director/elected
memberCumulative Voting -> Total votes = Total Shares * Number of
elected posts. The shareholder can split the total votes in any way
want.
Cumulative preference shares -> Allows dividends to be accumulated.
When dividends are not paid, it needs to be paid in the next period.Non
cumulative -> No such criteria.
Assets - LiabilitiesWhen net income increases, the book value also increases.
The securities have higher risk level compared to bills, bonds. They earn higher rates of return compared to government bonds.
1. Venture capital.2. Leveraged buyouts.3. Private investment in public equity.
Equity investors seeks capital / price appreciation and dividend
income.Debt investors seeks interest income and return of principle.
1. The dividends are known.2. They get dividends before common
shareholders.3. The amount after the company is liquidated is known.
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