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views insurance investment portfolios as quasi-trust funds
1. policyholder's share (not taxed)2. funds transferred to the surplus (taxed)
captures the systematic risk of the firm's operating assets
allows employees to purchase the company stock, sometimes at a discount from market price
hybrid defined-benefit plan that maintains individual account records
for plan participants showing their current value of accrued benefit
- the removal of funds from intermediary financial institutions-
industry responses have been a reduction in portfolio durations and
provisions for additional liquidity reserves
individuals no longer employed by the firm or organization who earned
retirement benefits from past employment but have not started receiving
the benefits
spending = (R)(spending,t-1)(1+I,t-1) + (1 - R)(S)(market value,t-1)R = smoothing rateI = inflationS = spending rate
1. due to the high uncertainty of claims, liquidity requirements are
relatively high2. shorter duration liabilities and shorter time
horizons3. non-life insurance companies are taxable entities4.
regulatory considerations are slightly less onerous for non-life
insurance companies
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