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Spreads are increasing with maturity in general due to liquidity, counterparty and interest rate risk.
Exchange rate between two currencies implied by their exchange rates
with a common third currency. Calculating these is simply unit
conversion.
Interbank rates (duh)Size (larger size, larger spread)Relationship (can be important)
R Nominal A - R nominal B = E inflation A - E inflation BIn other
words, real rates are assumed to be constant (IRP) so differences in
nominal rates are all about inflation
A currency is quoted at a forward premium relative to a second
currency if the forward price in units of the second currency is higher
than the spot price. A forward discount is, shockingly, the opposite.
Can calculate it as Forward price - spot price
(FPt - FP) * contract size where FPt is the current time, and FP is
the original price agreed to.Well this is pretty obvious, isn't it?
They mean the same thing.
Nominal R = Real R + Inflation
Exchange of goods, services, investment income, and gifts. Summarizes
whether a country is selling more goods to a country than it is buying
from it, which is a current account surplus.
Requires LOOP across countries, pretty simple concept
spread. Often quoted in pipsBuy at ask, Sell at bid
Changes should offset the price impacts of an inflation differential
Capital flows
which currencies are involvedtime of day (if both Lon and NYC are open, more liquidity)Volatility (higher vol, higher spreads)
They increase supply of a given currency in foreign markets (makes
sense). This should (theoretically) depreciate the currency as restore
the deficit to balance. Depends on:1) the size of the initial deficit2)
Influence of FX on prices3) Influence of price changes (from FX) on
demand for goods
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