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  apply P/E multiple against NI
   
   
      
  e.g. distressed investments or risk arbitrageCapital structure 
arbitrage implementations of distressed investments include spreads bt 
many parts of a given company's capital structure, perhaps by buying 
debt and selling short the stock or trading credit default swaps against
 stock options
   
   
      
  low standard deviation of returns as they explicitly hedge. the risk 
and size of the long positions are highly correlated with the risk and 
size of the short positionsMake money slowly and lose money quickly, 
which leads to unattractive negative skewness and fat tail risk
   
   
      
  MV = gross income x gross income mulitplier
   
   
      
  LP's unrealized return value of LP's holdings in the fund / cumulative
 invested capitalNAV after distribution(the net non distributed value) /
 paid in capital
   
   
      
  taxes = (net operating income (NOI) - depredation- interest) x tax rate
   
   
      
  Net operating incomeLess Annual Debt service=before tax cashflowLess tax payable=Aftertax cash flow
   
   
      
  1.deal-by-deal method: carried interest paid after each individual 
deal (profit x carried interest %)2. total return method 1 . Carried 
interest paid only after the portfolio value exceeds committed capital 
3. total return method 2: Carried interest paid when the value of the 
portfolio exceeds invested capital by some min amt (total exit value x 
carried interest %)
   
   
      
  NAV after distribution in prioir year + capital called down − Management fee + operating results
   
   
      
  long a convertible bond and short the underlying equity.Market 
neutrality is achieved when the size of the short-stock position matches
 the long-delta position of the embedded call options. These funds 
perform well when stock volatility increases (the long call option gains
 value) and when credit spreadsdecline (the long fixed-income position 
gains value)
   
   
      
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